SUPPLEMENTATION OF DHA IN NEWBORNS AND INFANTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46793/PP190320014KKeywords:
Fatty acids, Docosahexaenoic acid, Arachidonic acid, Newborn, Cognitive function, Visual functionAbstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is semisential polyunsaturated fatty acid and is present in the mother's milk. It plays a very important role in the earliest child development, especially cognitive and visual function. The importance of DHA supplementation is increasingly being discussed, especially since it has become clear that due to improper diet there is not enough in breast milk. Serbia belongs to continental countries with the lowest average fish consumption per capita in Europe. As the fish is the primary source of DHA, the importance of DHA supplementation in our country is very high. For the propertly use of DHA and its optimum utilization, simultaneous intake of arachidonic acid (ARA) is necessary. Required ARA / DHA ratio is at least 1:1.
References
Koletzko B, Tsang R, Zlotkin SH, Nichols B, Hansen JW (eds): Nutrition During Infancy: Principles and practice, ed 1. Cincinnati,Digital Educational Publishing, 1997, 123–153.
Burr GO, Burr MM: A new deficiency disease produced by rigid exclusion of fat from the diet. J Biol Chem 1929; 82: 345–367.
Burdge GC, Calder PC: Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults. Reprod Nutr Dev 2005; 45: 581–597.
Koletzko B, Decsi T, Demmelmair H: Arachidonic acid supply and metabolism in human infants born at full term. Lipids 1996; 31: 79–83.
Salem N Jr, Wegher B, Mena P, Uauy R: Arachidonic and docoahexaenoic acids are biosynthesized from their 18-carbon precursors in human infants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 49–54.
Uauy R, Mena P, Wegher B, Nieto S, Salem N Jr: Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid formation in neonates: effect of gestational age and intrauterine growth. Pediatr Res 2000b;47: 127.
Brenna JT, Varamini B, Jensen RG, Diersen-Schade DA, Boettcher JA, Arterburn LM: Docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid concentrations in human breast milk worldwide. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:1457-1464.
WHHO/FAO, STANDARD FOR INFANT FORMULA AND FORMULAS FOR SPECIAL MEDICAL PURPOSES INTENDED FOR INFANTS, (2016). http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh48 proxy/fr/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcod ex%252FStandards%252FCODEX%2BSTAN%2B72-1981%252FCXS_072e.pdf.
FAO1994, Fats and oils in human nutrition. Report of a joint expert consultation. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization., (1994).
FAO2010, Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition Report of an expert consultation, (2010).
EFSA, Scientific Opinion on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union, EFSA J. 11 (2013).
EFSA2, Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae, EFSA J. 12 (2014) 3760. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.
R.S. Kuipers, M.F. Luxwolda, W.S. Sango, G. Kwesigabo, D.A.J. Dijck-Brouwer, F.A.J. Muskiet, Maternal DHA equilibrium during pregnancy and lactation is reached at an erythrocyte DHA content of 8 g/100 g fatty acids, J. Nutr. 141 (2011) 418–427.
A.T. Hsieh, J.C. Anthony, D.A. Diersen-Schade, S.C. Rumsey, P. Lawrence, C. Li, P.W. Nathanielsz, J.T. Brenna, The influence of moderate and high dietary long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) on baboon neonate tissue fatty acids., Pediatr. Res. 61 (2007) 537–45.
Smithers LG, Gibson RA, McPhee A, Makrides M: Higher dose of docosahexaenoic acid in the neonatal period improves visual acuity of preterm infants: results of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88: 1049–1056.
Llanos A, Li Y, Mena P, Salem N Jr, Uauy R: Infants with intrauterine growth restriction have impaired formation of docosahexaenoic acid in early neonatal life: a stable isotope study. Pediatr Res 2005; 58: 735–740.
Sprecher H: Metabolism of highly unsaturated n–3 and n–6 fatty acids. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1486: 219–231.
Agostoni C, Massetto N, Biasucci G, Rottoli A, Bonvissuto M, Bruzzese MG, et al: Effects of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on fatty acid status and visual function in treated children with hyperphenylalaninemia. J Pediatr 2000; 137: 504–509.
Beblo S, Reinhardt H, et al: Effect of fish oil supplementation on fatty acid status, coordination, and fine motor skills in children with phenylketonuria. J Pediatr 2007; 150: 479–484.
