HEAD AND NECK CANCERS-SIGNIFICANCE FOR PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

Authors

  • Ivana Đorđević Primary health care center “Dr Boško Vrebalov”, Kučevo, Serbia
  • Karolina Spiridonov Health care center Surdulica, Surdulica, Serbia
  • Emilija Živković Marinkov Faculty of Medicine University of Niš, Niš, Serbia

Keywords:

maligni tumori, glava, vrat, faktori rizika, dijagnostika

Abstract

Head and neck cancers constitute 5 - 8% of total body cancers in Europe and America and they are more frequently among men than women. There are a number of different factors that could increase a risk of head and neck cancer, including infection with human papillomavirus, using tobacco and drinking alcohol. Primary head and neck cancers are largely squamous-cell cancers. The symptoms and the signs of head and neck tumors are diverse, depending on the anatomical location and the extent of the tumor at diagnosis. In about 50% of cases at the beginning of treatment, the metastases are present in the cervical lymph nodes, and in about 5% of cases, distant metastases in the lung, the liver, the bones, rarely in the brain, are also present. In the diagnosis of head and neck cancers very important is to take carefully and detailed history. The physical examination should begin by inspection and palpation of the neck. The indirect review of all three floors of the pharynx, the larynx, the nose  and the oral cavity is the first review that indicates all the other reviews, especially endoscopic examination with biopsy and histological verification of suspicious changes. In addition to endoscopic diagnostic examination in accordance with indications it is amended ultrasonography, radiography, computed tomography or magnetic resonance, optionally skeletal scintigraphy, and in recent years, positron emission tomography have also been used, especially in the diagnosis of neck metastases of unknown primary origin. In the treatment of malignant tumors of head and neck surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are applied, alone or in combination, even a molecular based therapy and immunotherapy, if it is needed.

References

Aupérin, A. Epidemiology of head and neck cancers: an update. Curr Opin Oncol. 2020; 32(3): 178-186.https://doi.org/10.1097/CCO.0000000000000629, PMID:32209823

Cohen N, Fedewa S, Amy Y. Chen. Epidemiology and demographics of the head and neck cancer population. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2018.; 30 (4):381- 395.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coms.2018.06.001, PMID:300786963. Višnjić M, et al. Hirurgija. Prosveta. 2005.;398-404.

Filipović S, et al. Osnovi kliničke onkologije. Medicinski fakultet. 2009.;81-88.

Uhliarová B, Švec M. Incidence and Risk Factors of Distant Metastases of Head and Neck Carcinoma. Klin Onkol. 2019;32(4):294-299https://doi.org/10.14735/amko2019294,PMID:31426646

Guo K, Xiao W, Chen X, Zhao Z, Lin Y, Chen G. Epidemiological Trends of Head and Neck Cancer: A Population-Based Study. Biomed Res Int. 2021;2021:1738932 https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9758328 PMID:34337000

Wittekindt C, Wagner S, Sharma SJ, Würdemann N, Knuth J, Reder H, et al. HPV - A different view on Head and Neck Cancer. Laryngorhinootologie. 2018;97(S 01):S48-S113 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-121596 PMID:29905354

Jethwa AR, Khariwala SS. Tobacco-related carcinogenesis in head and neck cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2017;36(3):411-423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-017-9689-6 PMID:28801840 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-017-9690-0 PMID:28815324

Hosokawa S, Takahashi G, Okamura J, Imai A, Mochizuki D, Takizawa Y, at al. Risk and prognostic factors for multiple primary carcinomas in patients with head and neck cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2018;48(2):124-129. https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyx178 PMID:29244150

Ghiasvand, R., Robsahm, T. E., Green, A. C., Rueegg, C. S., Weiderpass, E., Lund, E., at al. Association of Phenotypic Characteristics and UV Radiation Exposure With Risk of Melanoma on Different Body Sites. JAMA dermatol. 2019; 155(1): 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.3964 PMID:30477003

Gasparoni LM, Alves FA, Holzhausen M, Pannuti CM, Serpa MS. Periodontitis as a risk factor for head and neck cancer. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2021;26(4):e430-e436. https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.24270 PMID:33340075

Dhull, A. K., Atri, R., Dhankhar, R., Chauhan, A. K., Kaushal, V. Major risk factors in head and neck cancer: A retrospective analysis of 12-year experiences. World J Oncol 2018; 9(3): 80. https://doi.org/10.14740/wjon1104w PMID:29988794

Đorđević I. Maligni tumori glave i vrata.Diplomski rad. Medicinski fakultet Univerziteta u Nišu, 2010.

Hashim D, Genden E, Posner M, Hashibe M, Boffetta P. Head and neck cancer prevention: from primary prevention to impact of clinicians on reducing burden. Ann Oncol. 2019, 1;30(5):744-756. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdz084 PMID:30840052

Stanković M, Milisavljević Lj, Popović D, Otorinolaringologija. Nota Knjaževac 1998.;62-200.

Porcheri, C, Mitsiadis, T. A. Notch in Head and Neck Cancer. Notch Signaling in Embryology and Cancer 2021; 1287:81-103. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55031-8_7 PMID:33034028

Sakthivel P, Samy K, Panda S, Amit Singh C. 14 "S" in head and neck cancers. Oral Oncol. 2021;112:105070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.105070 PMID:33152655

Bonachela NL, Kowalski LP, Santos ABO. Risk factors for positive sentinel lymph nodes in head and neck melanoma - a survival analysis. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;87(1):103-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.09.014 PMID:33272834

Huang SH, O'Sullivan B. Overview of the 8th Edition TNM Classification for Head and Neck Cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2017;18(7):40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11864-017-0484-y PMID:28555375

Moreno, A. C., Frank, S. J., Garden, A. S., Rosenthal, D. I., Fuller, C. D., Gunn, G. B., at al. Intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT)-The future of IMRT for head and neck cancer. Oral oncol. 2019, 88, 66-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.11.015 PMID: 30616799

Farah, C. S. Molecular landscape of head and neck cancer and implications for therapy. Ann. Trans Med. 2021; 9(10). https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-6264 PMID:34164549

Arboleda, LPA., de Mendonça, RMH., Lopez, EEM., Araújo, ALD., Palmier, NR., de Pauli Paglioni et al. Global frequency and distribution of head and neck cancer in pediatrics, a systematic review. Crit Rev in Oncol Hematol. 2020;148, 102892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102892 PMID:32120328

Atarbashi-Moghadam, S., Ashtiani, M. T. H., Barati, M., & Sijanivandi, S. Neoplasms of the head and neck in Iranian children and adolescents. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2020; 41(05), 677-68 https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_164_19

Zhao CX, Dombrowski ND, Perez-Atayde AR, Robson CD, Afshar S, Jane-way KA, at al. Desmoid tumors of the head and neck in the pediatric population: Has anything changed? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;140:110511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110511 PMID:33271436

Brodeur M.G., Nichols E.K., Plon E.S., Schiffman D.J., Malkin D. Pediatric Cancer Predisposition and Surveillance: An Overview, and a Tribute to Alfred G. Knudson Jr. Clin Cancer Res. 2017 Jun 1;23(11):e1-e5. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-0702.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28572261/PMID: 28572261

Thomas TL. Cancer Prevention: HPV Vaccination. Semin Oncol Nurs. 2016;32(3):273-80. doi: 10.1016/ .soncn.2016.05.007. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749208116300262?via%3DihubPMID: 27539281

Downloads

Published

03/29/2022

Issue

Section

Review Articles